Making Sense of One of the Most Shocking Verses in Scripture

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James Tissot, Jesus Found in the Temple (1890)
Yesterday's Gospel has one of the most shocking verses in the New Testament, Luke 2:51, “And he [Jesus] went down with them [Mary and Joseph] and came to Nazareth, and was obedient to them; and his mother kept all these things in her heart.” Is there any Marian hymn in the world with a more scandalous message than that? Scripture is telling us that the God of the all the Universe, the omnipotent, omniscient Second Person of the Trinity, chose to lower Himself and become obedient to Mary and Joseph.

The point of the occult, of every bit of black magic throughout every age of history, has been fixated on one thing: bending the supernatural or Divine to our wills. Instead of obeying God, the occult seeks to make God obey us (or, barring that, settling for working with one of His fallen angels). Yet Jesus Christ takes the initiative, and gives this most coveted authority to a poor Jewish couple. If this weren't explicitly in Scripture, can there be any doubt that Protestants would accuse Catholics of idolatry for believing this about Mary and Joseph?

This affirms that Mary and Joseph are true parents to Jesus Christ, as shocking and upsetting as that might be. There is a tendency amongst some Protestants to reduce them to something much less: to treat Mary like some sort of human mason jar that happened to hold the Christ, but who can be discarded after Christmas along with the tree, or to treat Joseph like an imposter. A Protestant reader actually accused Mary of being a liar for calling Joseph Jesus' father (Lk. 2:48), yet that's exactly what Scripture says of him (Lk. 2:41). True, he's not Jesus' biological father, but that's how adoption works. And since all of us are adopted (since Christ is the only-begotten Son, as John 3:16 says), who are we to complain?

And the timing of this verse is significant. It comes just two verses after Jesus says to His parents (Lk. 2:49), “Did you not know that I must be in my Father’s house?

That is, Jesus doesn't trade obedience to God the Father for obedience to Mary and Joseph. Rather, in obeying His parents, He is obeying the Father; and in obeying the Father, He is obeying His parents (since this is their greatest desire for Him). There's no tension or competition between the two. The Father isn't jealous of Joseph for doing the very thing He placed him on earth to do, for example. Loving and honoring Mary and Joseph isn't somehow contrary to loving and honoring the Father.

So we, who are adopted into the Holy Family by virtue of our Divine adoption (cf. Ephesians 1:5), must follow our Lord's example. Love, honor, and obey Mary and Joseph with abandon, with the knowledge that you are doing the will of God, and following the example of Jesus Christ.

Did St. Joseph Suspect the Virgin Mary of Adultery?

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Carravagio, Annunciation (1608)
The Gospel at tonight's Christmas Vigil Mass begins (Matthew 1:18-19):
This is how the birth of Jesus Christ came about. When his mother Mary was betrothed to Joseph, but before they lived together, she was found with child through the Holy Spirit.  
Joseph her husband, since he was a righteous man, yet unwilling to expose her to shame, decided to divorce her quietly.
These two verses are chock full of misunderstood information. Let me propose three major points of inquiry for careful reflection:
  1. What is the marital status of Mary and Joseph? Are they betrothed? Or is Joseph already her husband?

  2. What is the connection between Joseph's justice and his unwillingness to expose Mary to shame?

  3. What is the connection between Joseph's justice and his decision to quietly divorce the Virgin Mary? (Why does Matthew choose to include this detail here?)
These are questions that Christians often get incorrect. For example, to the first question, the Douay-Rheims  version of Matthew 1:18 says that “Mary was espoused to Joseph,” while the New International Version of the same passage says that “Mary was pledged to be married to Joseph.” That's not a slight difference: is Mary an unwed mother or not?

As for the second question, there is another significant translation difference. The Douay version of v. 19 describes Joseph as “being a just man, and not willing publicly to expose her” (Mt. 1:19 DRA), while the NAB describes him as “a righteous man, yet unwilling to expose her to shame” (Mt. 1:19 NAB). Again, that's a significant difference. The NIV splits the difference, putting “was a righteous man yet” in the text, with a footnote that says “Or was a righteous man and.

Again, this is a significant difference. If the NAB is right, Joseph's justice appears to be in tension with his goodness: he wants to do what is right, but he also wants to be gracious towards Mary. A seeming conflict emerges: will Joseph violate the Law or his conscience? In the DRA, there's no such tension: he wants to do the right thing and the gracious thing.

Finally, what's the connection between Joseph's justice, and his plan to quietly divorce the Virgin Mary? John Piper, a prominent Evangelical leader, has a generally-good position paper on divorce and remarriage that includes this line:
But most important of all, Matthew says that Joseph was "just" in making the decision to divorce Mary, presumably on account of her porneia, fornication.
This is also the assumption that the NAB footnotes makes, and that I imagine most readers make: that Joseph the Just suspected the Virgin Mary of fornication, and decided to divorce her instead of confronting her about it.

Using Verbum Plus Library to Resolve All Three Questions

Michelino da Besozzo, The Marriage of the Virgin (1430)
A few weeks ago, Aric Nesheim at Logos Bible Software gave me a review copy of the new Verbum Plus Libraries to play with. It struck me that a good way of testing out the software would be to tackle these sort of questions, giving me the chance to simultaneously review this cool software and clear up some confusions about the Nativity account.

Since the reading in question is from tonight's Gospel, I typed “today” into the lectionary search bar: it let me choose whether I meant the Mass in the morning or tonight's Vigil, and then which reading I want. This is a quick way of finding the passage, if you heard something in Mass, but can't remember the chapter and verse. Of course, you can also start the search by looking up a specific chapter and verse or doctrine (e.g., looking up everything about baptism).

Once I chose the Gospel for the Vigil, Matthew 1:18-25, four things came up: the Scriptural text (in RSV:CE, my preferred translation); the relevant passage of “A Catholic Commentary on Holy Scripture,” a “cited by” window listing places in which this passage has been referenced, and an “explorer” bar tying the events mentioned in the passage with similar events from Scripture (like the birth of the Old Testament Patriarchs, etc.).

The Scriptural commentary that came up, “A Catholic Commentary on Holy Scripture,” happened to have quick answers to all three questions. The section begins:
Betrothal (qiddûšîn) in Jewish law conferred the status of husband and wife (hence the terms of 19 f.). A child conceived during this period was regarded as legitimate unless disowned, but the marriage was regarded as incomplete until the husband formally ‘took possession’ (the niśśû’în) of his bride by taking her to his home. This he was free to do at any time, 2 Kg 3:14; cf. Edersheim, I, 353–5.
A few years ago, when I explored this question for the first time (after hearing about it in a homily), I eventually discovered this. But it took quite a bit of research on Jewish wedding practices, and I had a hard time finding anything directly addressing the question of whether sexual intercourse was permitted after qiddûšîn, or how children born during this interim period were treated. Here, I have the answer almost instantly, and more thoroughly than I had achieved on my own.

Robert la Longe, Saint Joseph (17th c.)
In the program, most of the citations are hyperlinked, so if you want to read the people your sources are quoting, you can, very easily. In this case, the citation is to a two-volume work, The Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah, by Rev. Alfred Edersheim. It doesn't come standard, but I got a preview, and the option to buy. If it were a capstone project, I could easily see this tool coming in handy (even if it meant paying for a few additional sources).

The answers to the latter two questions came just as easily, from the same commentary:
That denunciation was a legal duty in the circumstances cannot be proved; nor does the text suggest that Joseph sacrificed legal scruples (‘and’—not ‘but’—‘not willing to make her case public’). It suggests rather (Lagrange) that precisely because Joseph was ‘just’ (i.e. aware of duties to God and neighbour and, in this case, to Mary) he did not place the matter before the village-court. Such a course, though not necessarily involving condemnation (a woman might be pronounced blameless in such cases, Deut 23:25 f.) meant publicity for Mary, unwelcome and evidently incompatible with Joseph’s ‘justness’. 
In other words, the Douay-Rheims translation is superior to the NAB on this score, and there is no basis to conclude that Joseph's justness was incompatible with the mercy he showed his wife. Under the law, Joseph had three options: divorce Mary publicly, accusing her of adultery; divorce her quietly, before two witnesses; or acknowledge the child as his own. The first of these options doesn't just seem unkind, but unjust. Particularly if Joseph has reason to believe that Mary is a Virgin, it would be unjust to publicly denounce her. This gets to the third question, showing why Piper's interpretation is erroneous:
Why incompatible? Presumably because ignorance of the facts coupled with knowledge of Mary’s character made of mere publicity an injustice. St Joseph’s attitude is to be observed: there is no word of complaint or even of inquiry. The evangelist leaves us with the impression of a patient instrument of God. [...] His delicacy is admirable—communicated to him, no doubt, from his knowledge of Mary. He cannot believe her blameworthy; he knows nothing of the Annunciation (Mary had been silent and absent for three months, Lk 1:39 ff.); he can think only of some unknown cause, perhaps supernatural, certainly consistent with Mary’s character.
In Piper's explanation of the text, Joseph doesn't assume that Mary was the prophesied Virgin of Isaiah 7:14, or even that she might be an innocent rape victim. Rather, without consulting her, he assumes the worst: that she has cheated on her new husband. And for this, Piper tells us, “Matthew says that Joseph was 'just'.” This explanation manages to besmirch the reputations of both Mary and Joseph, despite the clear Biblical evidence that both of them were holy and devout believers.

The explanation that Jones gives in the commentary that I've been quoting does a much better job of accounting for the evidence, and the character of the individuals involved.

Nevertheless, this is just a single source. So what else can we pull from the Verbum Libraries?

Anton Raphael Mengs, The Dream of St. Joseph (1774)
Well, if you hover over the Scriptural passages, it tells us what the Greek word being translated is. You can then go from there to a Strong's lexicon. In this way, we quickly find out that the word in question in v. 18 is μνηστεύω: “mnēsteuō; from 3415 (in the sense of to court a bride); to espouse, betroth.” And the word in question in v. 19 is καί, a conjunctive generally meaning “and, even, also,” and only translated as “yet” nine ties in the NASB (compared to 535 times that it was translated as “even”). This supports our earlier conclusions.

But let's go even deeper: what do the Church Fathers say? The “cited by” window brings up 23 results in 18 separate places in 13 resources for Matthew 1:18, and about half that many for Matthew 1:19. Most of these are general references to the Virgin Birth, but there is some fruit. For example, St. Jerome's treatise The Perpetual Virginity of Blessed Mary, Against Helvidius, lists a couple other areas in Scripture in which a betrothed spouse is called a wife (Deut. 20:7; Deut. 22:23-25).

The most helpful resource for Patristic opinions turned out to be the Catena by St. Thomas Aquinas, which contains Fathers arguing both sides of the question. Many of the Fathers, including Augustine and Chyrsostom, read the passage as Joseph suspecting Mary, and wanting to handle it quietly to preserve her reputation (or even her life). But Jerome proposed an alternative reading, that “this may be considered a testimony to Mary, that Joseph, confident in her purity, and wondering at what had happened, covered in silence that mystery which he could not explain.” Rabanus likewise says that Joseph:
beheld her to be with child, whom he knew to be chaste; and because he had read, There shall come a Rod out of the stem of Jesse, (Is. 11:1.) of which he knew that Mary was come, and had also read, Behold, a virgin shall conceive, (Is. 7:14.) he did not doubt that this prophecy should be fulfilled in her.
And Origen asked:
But if he had no suspicion of her, how could he be a just man, and yet seek to put her away, being immaculate? He sought, to put her away, because he saw in her a great sacrament, to approach which he thought himself unworthy.
All of this also explains why Matthew tells us that Mary and Joseph didn't consummate the marriage throughout her pregnancy, even after they moved in together, the second stage of the wedding (niśśû’în; see Mt. 1:24-25).

Hovering over any of the names tells us who these men were. For example, “Rabanus refers to Rabanus Maurus, Archbishop of Mayence, A.D. 847. The program also offers helpful doctrinal connections with a Catholic Topical Index, so I can explore how these verses are related to conception, Trinity, the Holy Spirit, Joseph, and a range of other topics. It also tipped me off to a wealth of Magisterial assistance, like Blessed John Paul II's encyclical Redemptoris Custos, which is all about St. Joseph. This encyclical has a whole chapter dedicated to how Joseph is a just man.

Conclusions

For the three questions proposed, we can safely conclude first that Mary and Joseph had undergone the first of the two stages of a Jewish wedding (qiddûšîn), and were husband and wife in the eyes of the Law, capable of having intercourse and bearing legitimate children. That they weren't having intercourse is ascribable to Mary's perpetual Virginity.

Second, we can conclude that Joseph's justness isn't incompatible with his desire to protect Mary's reputation, but consistent with it. This is particularly true if he is aware (given her character and perpetual virginity) that her conception couldn't have been the result of fornication. These conclusions are supported by some of the Church Fathers, and do a far better job accounting for the whole of the Scriptural evidence than the alternate interpretation.

Third, Joseph's desire for a quiet divorce is probably because he recognizes Mary as the Virgin Mother of the Messiah prophesied in Scripture, and a sort of "Great Sacrament," as Origen tells us. Anyone familiar with the Ark of the Covenant (so holy that it could not be touched) would have been justly frightened to be married to Mary, the Ark of the New Covenant.


Final Notes on Verbum Plus Library

Having put Verbum Plus Library, what are my reactions to it as software? Well, it's a large program running a lot of operations at once, and I was concerned about it working on my laptop (I bought the cheapest one that Best Buy sells), but it actually ran fairly well -- and it wasn't the only program running at the time, either.

I mentioned that it runs a lot of operations at once: this takes some getting used to. It has a large library that it downloads the first time you use it, and it periodically updates, indexes, etc. When you first use it, the whole experience can seem overwhelming: there are five windows, and each of these have multiple tabs you can flip through. After a while, it starts to feel more intuitive, once you know what you're trying to do with it. Still, I only scratched the surface of the available tools: there's everything from a Sentence Diagram tool to an image search feature.

All that said, this software isn't cheap. It's $934.95, although it's 10% off during Christmastime. Logos claims that the software has a print value of over $10,000, although I'm not overly persuaded by that figure. After all, if I weren't using Verbum, I wouldn't be buying $10,000 in books. I'd either be using online resources, or at a library. And many of the Patristic and Magisterial documents are freely available online (although the same isn't true of many of the modern resources that Verbum has). Still, they do boast a wealth of resources that are hard to find anywhere else, so I view the chief trade-off as time vs. money. With enough time and expertise, you could probably replicate Verbum's results without spending any money. It's just quicker and easier with Verbum. It's like going to the mechanic's instead of fixing the car yourself. 

So I enjoyed it, but I can't in good conscience tell everyone reading this to go spend a thousand dollars on a piece of software (even a very helpful piece of software). But I don't think it's intended for everyone. Rather, I think it's for universities, professors, theologians, grad students, apologists, perhaps seminarians and some undergrads. And in those cases, I think it's certainly worth the consideration.


Merry Christmas!

Day 7: O Emmanuel

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Tonight's O Antiphon is the last one, and it's the most famous and probably the most beautiful.  It's “O Emmanuel.” The name Emmanuel.means “God with us,” and it's taken from Isaiah 7:13-14, in which Isaiah says,
“Hear now, you house of David! Is it not enough to try the patience of humans? Will you try the patience of my God also? Therefore the Lord himself will give you a sign: The virgin will conceive and give birth to a son, and will call him Immanuel.”

The most incredible insight to the name (and title) Emmanuel was one I discovered last year.  Here's what I wrote on it last Christmas:

Emmanuel is unique, in that it is prophetic, in a way, of the name of Christ. Erasmo Leiva-Merikakis, in Volume 1 of Fire of Mercy, Heart of the Word (a particularly fitting book to quote from, since I started reading it after getting it for my dad for Christmas), spoke about the radical significance behind Matthew's translation in Matthew 1:24 of Emmanuel from Hebrew, the language the Jews considered sacred, to Greek, the language of the Gentiles and the world.  He sees in this translation a parallel between the Old and New Covenant, and how God is viewed under each.  From there, he says:
On the subject of Jesus as "translator" of God, Fray Luis de Leon, the Spanish Dominican who was also a great writer, has left us an unforgettable formulation in his treatise on The Names of Christ. He says that the sacred Name of God in the Old Testament, יהוה, the unpronounceable tetragrammaton, is found again in the Hebrew name of Jesus, ישוע, with the addition of the radicals from the verb "to save" and the vowels necessary to pronounce the divine Name. In this way, while the Name of God is so holy, mysterious, and pure that it cannot be pronounced by a human mouth, the addition of Christ's divine will to save mankind "translates," that is, transfers, the sanctity of God to our level as creatures and at last makes it possible for us, too, to pronounce God's true Name, which cannot be any other than Jesus, and thus be saved,  All else that we subsequently come to know about God rests on this primary revelation: He is the One who saves us in Jesus.
It's an amazing insight.  Now, go back to the prophesy in Isaiah 7:14.  The name Emmanuel means "God with us," and the name Jesus explains how and why God is with us.  That is, He's with us in the Person of Jesus Christ, and He's with us to save.

--------------------------------------------------------------


The traditional Latin Antiphon is:
O Emmanuel, Rex et legifer noster,expectratio gentium, et Salvator earum:veni ad salvandum nos,Domines, Deus noster.
Which means, in English:
O Emmanuel, our King and our Law-giver,
Longing of the Gentiles, yea, and salvation thereof,
Come to save us, O Lord our God!
It corresponds, of course, to the first verse of O Come, O Come, Emmanuel:
O Come, O Come, Emmanuel,
and ransom captive Israel,
that mourns in lonely exile here
until the Son of God appear.
And the English version used in the Antiphon today:
O Emmanuel, king and lawgiver,
desire of the nations, Savior of all people:
Come and set us free, Lord our God.
And finally, here are the Dominican student brothers at Blackfriars in Oxford singing the Latin plainchant:


Day 6: O Rex Gentium (O King of the Nations)

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Tonight's O Antiphon is “O Rex Gentium,” meaning “King of the Nations,” or “King of the Gentiles.” The idea is that the Messiah would be King, not only of the Jews, but the Gentiles as well: that is, of all nations.  For example, Isaiah prophesied of the Christ (in Isa. 2:4),
He shall judge between the nations, and shall arbitrate for many peoples; they shall beat their swords into ploughshares, and their spears into pruning-hooks; nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they learn war anymore.”
And God says, in the Messianic prophesy in Isaiah 48:6,
“I will also make You a light of the nations
So that My salvation may reach to the end of the earth.
This latter prophesy is explicitly applied to Christ by the priest Simeon in Luke 2:32.  This fulfills a theme we see thought the Old Testament from Genesis onwards-- that the Jews are chosen as God's people not only for their own good, but for the good of the Gentiles as well, so that all nations can come to Christ (see, for example, Gen. 22:18). Christ clearly fulfills this by opening the covenant to the Gentiles, just as He promises throughout His earthly ministry (see, for example, John 10:16).  And this mission of bringing all nations to Christ continues in the Church (Mt. 28:19-20).

St. Matthew notes of Christ that it's in His name the Gentiles will hope,” and that this is in fulfillment of “what was spoken through Isaiah the prophet.” (Matthew 12:15-21, referring to Isaiah 42:1-4).  And  St. Paul talks about this repeatedly, particularly in his Letter to the Romans. One of the best explanations comes from Ephesians 2:16-18,
And that he might reconcile both unto God in one body by the cross, having slain the enmity thereby: And came and preached peace to you which were afar off, and to them that were nigh.
For through him we both have access by one Spirit unto the Father.
So, ironically, it's right here on the Cross, with a plaque reading  “Jesus Christ, King of the Jews” above Him (John 19:20), that the doors of the Church were opened to the Gentiles in a radical way.

The traditional Latin Antiphon is:
O Rex Gentium, et desideratus earum,
lapisque angularis, qui facis utraque unum:
veni, et salva hominem,
quem de limo formasti.

Which means, in English:
O King of the Gentiles, yea, and desire thereof!
O Corner-stone, that makest of two one,
Come to save man,
whom Thou hast made out of the dust of the earth!
It corresponds to the final verse from O Come, O Come Emmanuel:
O Come, Desire of the nations, bind
in one the hearts of all mankind;
bid every strife and quarrel cease
and fill the world with heaven's peace.
And the English version used in the Antiphon today:
O King of all the nations, the only joy of every human heart;
O Keystone of the mighty arch of man:
Come and save the creature you fashioned from the dust.
And finally, here are the Dominican student brothers at Blackfriars in Oxford singing the Latin plainchant:


This series was initially posted in Advent 2011.

Day 5: O Oriens (O Rising Sun)

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Tonight's O Antiphon is “O Oriens.”  The Latin word “Oriens” literally means “Dawn,” “Rising Sun,” or “East.”  The “O Oriens” prophesy comes from Isaiah 9:1-7,
Holman Hunt,
Christ the Light of the World (1854)
But there will be no gloom for her that was in anguish. In the former time he brought into contempt the land of Zeb'ulun and the land of Naph'tali, but in the latter time he will make glorious the way of the sea, the land beyond the Jordan, Galilee of the nations.
The people who walked in darkness have seen a great light; those who dwelt in a land of deep darkness, on them has light shined.  

Thou hast multiplied the nation, thou hast increased its joy; they rejoice before thee as with joy at the harvest, as men rejoice when they divide the spoil.
For the yoke of his burden, and the staff for his shoulder, the rod of his oppressor, thou hast broken as on the day of Mid'ian.
For every boot of the tramping warrior in battle tumult and every garment rolled in blood will be burned as fuel for the fire. 
For to us a child is born, to us a son is given; and the government will be upon his shoulder, and his name will be called Wonderful Counselor, Mighty God, Everlasting Father, Prince of Peace. 
Of the increase of his government and of peace there will be no end, upon the throne of David, and over his kingdom, to establish it, and to uphold it with justice and with righteousness from this time forth and for evermore. The zeal of the LORD of hosts will do this.
So the coming Messiah will arrive as a Child, will be associated with Galilee, and His Advent will be like the dawn breaking forth.  And this, of course, is exactly how the New Testament describes Christ.  Zechariah prophesies that his son, John the Baptist, will be a forerunner for the Messiah, proclaiming  (Luke 1:76-79),
And you, child, will be called the prophet of the Most High; for you will go before the Lord to prepare his ways,  to give knowledge of salvation to his people in the forgiveness of their sins, through the tender mercy of our God, when the day shall dawn upon us from on high to give light to those who sit in darkness and in the shadow of death, to guide our feet into the way of peace.
And St. John's Gospel is quite clear on this identification of Christ (John 1:5-9):
The light shines in the darkness, and the darkness has not overcome it. There was a man sent from God, whose name was John. He came for testimony, to bear witness to the light, that all might believe through him. He was not the light, but came to bear witness to the light. The true light that enlightens every man was coming into the world.
But the clearest identification with Isaiah 9 is when Matthew explicitly tells us that Christ fulfills this prophesy (Mt. 4:12-16):
Now when he heard that John had been arrested, he withdrew into Galilee; and leaving Nazareth he went and dwelt in Caper'na-um by the sea, in the territory of Zeb'ulun and Naph'tali, that what was spoken by the prophet Isaiah might be fulfilled: “The land of Zeb'ulun and the land of Naph'tali, toward the sea, across the Jordan, Galilee of the Gentiles -- the people who sat in darkness have seen a great light, and for those who sat in the region and shadow of death light has dawned.”
By the way, this depiction of Christ as Oriens is also why Catholic churches historically face east: ad orientum.  It's from building churches to face towards the East, towards the Oriens, that we get the word “orientation.”

The traditional Latin Antiphon is:
O Oriens, splendor lucis aeternae,
et sol justitiae:
veni, et illumina sedentes in tenebris,

et umbra mortis.
Which means, in English:
O Dayspring, Brightness of the everlasting light,
Son of justice,
Come to give light to them that sit in darkness,
 and in the shadow of death!
It corresponds to the sixth verse from O Come, O Come Emmanuel:
O Come, Thou Dayspring from on high,
and cheer us by thy drawing nigh;
disperse the gloomy clouds of night

and death's dark shadow put to flight.
And the English version used in the Antiphon today:
O Radiant Dawn, splendor of eternal light, sun of justice:
Come, shine on those who dwell in darkness
and the shadow of death.
And finally, here are the Dominican student brothers at Blackfriars in Oxford singing the Latin plainchant:

Day 4: O Clavis David (O Key of David)

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Tonight's O Antiphon is “O Clavis David,” which means “O Key of David.”  It's a reference to Isaiah 22:19-23, and the rise and fall of a man named Eliakim.  In this passage, God removes Shebna from his position of power as Master of the Palace, replacing him with Eliakim:
Peter Paul Reubens, St. Peter (1612)
I will thrust you from your office, and you will be cast down from your station. In that day I will call my servant Eli'akim the son of Hili'ah, and I will clothe him with your robe, and will bind your girdle on him, and will commit your authority to his hand; and he shall be a father to the inhabitants of Jerusalem and to the house of Judah.

And I will place on his shoulder the key of the house of David; he shall open, and none shall shut; and he shall shut, and none shall open. And I will fasten him like a peg in a sure place, and he will become a throne of honor to his father's house."
What an amazing prophesy!  There are two images here: the Key of David, which refers to authority over the House of Israel, and the Peg, which refers to Eliakim's longevity.  And it's to a man named Eliakim, whose very name means “God will raise up.”  How fitting, right?  Well, let's read the next thing that He prophesies (Isaiah 22:24-25):
And they will hang on him the whole weight of his father's house, the offspring and issue, every small vessel, from the cups to all the flagons. In that day, says the LORD of hosts, the peg that was fastened in a sure place will give way; and it will be cut down and fall, and the burden that was upon it will be cut off, for the LORD has spoken.
Wow.  The radical juxtaposition of these two prophesies should leave us a bit unsettled.  God is choosing to empower Eliakim, despite knowing that Eliakim will ultimately disappoint Him, and will be set aside. The pressures of the office will eventually prove to be too much for him, and Eliakim's glory will fade.

This seems pretty bleak.  I'm reminded of three things:

  • First, of Percy Blythe Shell's sonnet Ozymandias.  The poem tells of a traveler discovering a plaque reading, "My name is Ozymandias, king of kings :Look on my works, ye Mighty, and despair!"   But he finds the plaque within the midst of a colossal wreck.  All that's left of Ozymandias' empire is ruins.
  • Second, of modern politics.  We Americans cast our hopes onto the latest politician, only to find them burn out in disgrace, unable to shoulder the burdens of success.  We hurry to place a key on the next man's shoulder, only to watch him crumple from the weight.
  • Finally, of The Myth of Sisyphus.  Albert Camus, the atheistic French existentialist, declared life to be meaningless.  He compared it to the Greek myth of Sisyphus, who was cursed by the gods to continually push a boulder up a mountain.  Yet every time he made it to the top of the hill, the boulder would roll back down, and he'd have to start over.  That, to Camus, was life.  A constant and meaningless struggle.  

As I said, all of this seems intensely dark.  God permits men to rise and fall, and we're left wondering at the meaning.  But this apparent meaningless isn't the final word.  Christ is.

Lorenzo Veneziano,
Christ Giving the Keys to St Peter (1370)
When Christ enters the picture, we see the Key of David finally enter into safe hands, of the One who won't “be cut down and fall,” as Eliakim was. Israel will no longer be left to the whims of the ambitious, but will be governed by the eternal God.  And He puts in place an Apostle, St. Peter, giving him the keys (Mt. 16:18-19):
And I tell you that you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of Hades will not overcome it. I will give you the keys of the kingdom of heaven; whatever you bind on earth will be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth will be loosed in heaven.”
So the Keys, the very symbol of authority, were handed to the first pope, Peter.  But what makes this so radically different from the time of Eliakim is that instead of prophesying Peter's downfall, He declares that “the gates of Hades will not overcome.”  While Israel was tossed back and forth, the Church is built upon Rock.

And why won't the Gates of Hell overcome?  Because while Christ gives Peter the Keys, He doesn't lose them Himself.  In other words, Jesus doesn't become any less God because He entrusts Peter with authority.  Peter's not stealing Christ's power.  Christ is working through Peter.  We see this from the Book of Revelation, which clearly shows us that Christ hasn't lost His Authority.  In the Book of Revelation,  Christ presents Himself this way: as “He who is holy, who is true, who has the key of David, who opens and no one will shut, and who shuts and no one opens” (Rev. 3:7), and declares, “I am the Living One; I was dead, and now look, I am alive for ever and ever! And I hold the keys of death and Hades.” (Rev. 1:7)  As He promises the Apostles: “And surely I am with you always, to the very end of the age” (Mt. 28:20).  Empires rise and fall, but the Church stays on forever, because Christ is King.  This is why participation in the life of the Church is a participation in the eternal Kingdom of God.  And it's one more reason to be thankful for Christmas, the birth of Our King.

The traditional Latin Antiphon is:
O Clavis David, et sceptrum domus Israel,
qui aperis, et nemo claudit; claudis, et nemo aperuit:
veni, et educ vinctum de domo carceris,
sedentem in tenebris, et umbra mortis.
Which means, in English:
O Key of David, and Sceptre of the House of Israel,
That openeth and no man shutteth, and shutteth and no man openeth,
Come to liberate the prisoner from the prison,
and them that sit in darkness, and in the shadow of death.
It corresponds to the fifth verse from O Come, O Come Emmanuel:
O Come, Thou Key of David, come,
and open wide our heav'nly home,
make safe the way that leads on high,
that we no more have cause to sigh.
And the English version used in the Antiphon today:
O Key of David, O royal Power of Israel,
controlling at your will the gate of heaven:
Come, break down the prison walls of death
for those who dwell in darkness and the shadow of death;
and lead your captive people into freedom.
And finally, here are the Dominican student brothers at Blackfriars in Oxford singing the Latin plainchant:


Bloodless Persecution: Ten Easy Steps to Marginalize and Silence Traditional Christians

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Phil Robertson
The latest religious freedom dust-up involves the suspension of Phil Robertson from Duck Dynasty, after A&E discovered to its shock that one of the conservative Evangelicals they'd been profiling wasn't in favor of homosexuality (quelle horreur!). In one regard, it's reasonable to be upset: we now live in an age in which it's frequently illegal to fire someone for living a homosexual lifestyle, but perfectly legal to fire someone for criticizing homosexual lifestyles.

At the same time, let's acknowledge three things. First, the First Amendment protects you from governmental persecution, not private-sector job termination. There's no First Amendment right to have your own reality TV show, thank God. Second, businesses should have a right to fire people publicly advocating beliefs contrary to that organization's principles. Even secular businesses should be allowed to have moral viewpoints, and act accordingly (including in hiring and firing): that's one of the points at the heart of much of this HHS litigation. Businesses should be allowed to be conscientious. The problem here isn't that A&E has values, but that we dislike their values. Third, and most importantly, this isn't Christian persecution, at least not when it's compared to the more egregious stuff, like church lootings and burnings, priests being murdered, and the rest.

But even though the push against Christianity isn't a particularly-violent one in the United States, it's no less effective for that reason. On the contrary, I would suggest that there are ten steps that are being taken, or will soon be taken, to ensure that Christianity is isolated and alienated, and Christians are non-violently coerced to abandon their beliefs:

Step 1: Find the Worst Representatives Possible for Orthodox Beliefs.

There are smart, erudite advocates for traditional marriage, like Robert P. George, Sherif Girgis and Ryan T. Anderson. And then there are hateful lunatics like Fred Phelps and the Westboro Baptist Church. Obviously, focus the spotlight on the latter group. The same thing is true across the board: when you present the pro-life side, the religious side, the anti-HHS side, etc., don't choose anyone actually credible: choose someone who is a widely-rejected fringe figure. Barring that, choose random people off the street to interview.

Make sure that when people think of the pro-life movement or traditional marriage movement, they associate it with people who are well outside the mainstream: if you can find hypocrites (like pro-marriage advocates in revolving door marriages), all the better.

Step 2: Declare Your Own Victory Inevitable.

The mainstream media does a lot of work to make it seem that it is only a matter of time before gay marriage and secularism are the norms. In a piece entitled “Same-Sex Marriage Legalization Seen as ‘Inevitable’ to Most Americans,” Time worked to reinforce the inevitability narrative on gay marriage: “It looks like Americans are finally accepting gay marriage, even if nearly half still don’t approve of the same-sex unions.” Did you get that? Finally.

There are three purposes to declaring your victory inevitable: (1) motivate your supports; (2) demoralize your opponents, and (3) claim the moral high ground. The first two are obvious, but the third reason is odd. Why should “we're going to win” translate into “and therefore, we're right”?

Because for many, including the president and his media, change is good, in and of itself, because history always marches onwards and upwards. This is why President Obama famously described his views on gay marriage as “evolving,” a descriptor that caught on to describe the American public's views, as well. And it's why the gay rights group HRC has shirts declaring the wearer “On the Right Side of History,” a phrase that the president uses incessantly, on almost every topic.

In this view, which owes a large philosophical debt to G.W.F. Hegel, history keeps getting better and better. It's the whole basis of the “progressive” movement, and is reflected in MSNBC's “Lean Forward” slogan, as well as the president's own “Change” campaign slogan. But it's a tragically naïve view of history, particularly for anyone surviving the twentieth century, the bloodiest century in history:

Modern developments, whether that be the Holocaust, the massive death toll from abortion, AIDS, international sex slavery, widespread environmental destruction, growing rich-poor gaps, nuclear proliferation, terrorism, and any number of other phenomena debunk the myth of progressivism. As the old German proverb says, “To change and to change for the better are two different things.” Worse, this myth serves to justify a might makes right mentality: if you have the power to alter history, you can declare yourself the righteous victor, simply for being on the “right side of history.”

So the inevitability claim isn't really true, and even if it were true, it wouldn't actually prove that its advocates were right, only powerful. But nevertheless, it is an effective strategy to demoralize and undermine traditional views (which by definition, are old, and therefore inferior to newer views).

Step 3: Shout Us Down with Name Calling.

Instead of winning the debate, simply declare the debate over. Call anyone who disagrees with you names: misogynist, homophobe, bigot, etc. Declare our views “hate.” The advantage of this rhetorical strategy is that it frees you from any need for you to rationally approach the topic.

If someone, say, points out that embryology proves that the fertilized egg is a living being distinct from his mother, call them a sexist. It might be science, but it's sexist science. Or if someone points out that virtually all cultures in history (regardless of religion) shared a similar understanding of marriage (an understanding of marriage being jettisoned, without serious debate or introspection, by the gay marriage movement), call them homophobic. Their points about history don't need to be answered, because they arise out of some psychological "phobia."

To say that a person's views are misogynistic, homophobic and bigoted is to say that they are beneath debate. These views are ungoodthink, and anyone holding them isn't just wrong: they're evil. If you do this loudly enough for a long enough time, you can force your opponents into submission. They won't agree with you, but they'll be too afraid to speak up and say otherwise.

Step 4: Declare Our Beliefs Unspeakable.

Shh!
This step is simple: declare a position too political for church, and too religious for politics. For example, when pro-life politicians try to stem the tide of abortion (which results in the death of millions of unborn children), they're accused of trying to create a theocracy. So it's too religious for politics! But there are perennial lawsuits to strip the Catholic Church of her tax-exempt status for speaking out too loudly about abortion. It's too political for religion! In other words, there is no acceptable sphere to present these beliefs. Nobody is allowed to challenge the New Orthodoxy.

This trick is even cleverer than it seems, because it only works in one direction. When President Obama announced his support for gay marriage, he claimed he was influenced by Christ to do so, and that's fine. And Michelle Obama used Jesus as an example of the model American citizen at a religious-political rally in African Methodist Episcopal church. That's fine, too. But when a politician cites Christ in his opposition to gay marriage, or uses Jesus to mobilize conservative believers, that's theocracy.

The rationale works something like this: if a religious believer holds a political position consistent with his religious views, he must be "imposing his religion," and that's bad. But if a religious believer holds a political position inconsistent with his religious views, that's fine. He's being publicly-minded. And of courses, nonbelievers can impose whatever views they happen to have, since they're not coming from religion. So everyone can push for their own positions, unless they're a believer who actually believes his religion.

Step 5: Abandon Any Pretense of Media Neutrality.

In August, there was the case of ABC News editor Don Ennis, who acknowledged that he was a man, after spending 14 years living as a transvestite and insisting people call him Dawn. Ennis promised: “Even though I will not wear the wig or the makeup or the skirts again, I promise to remain a strong straight ally, a supporter of diversity and an advocate for equal rights and other LGBT issues including same-sex marriage.” Again, this is a news editor for one of the largest news organizations in the country, promising to serve as an advocate, rather than (say) a neutral reporter or something. That's not unusual: news outlets are increasingly embracing the so-called LGBT agenda explicitly, leaving no question as to their sympathies.

For most things, the media at least gives the pretense of trying to present both sides. But on a handful of issues, where one side is morally odious, they don't bother. You'll be hard pressed to find a mainstream piece presenting al Qaeda or the KKK in a positive (or neutral) light. And that's where the opponents of Christianity want to push any who believes in traditional marriage: so far outside of the mainstream that their views don't even need to be taken seriously (or presented fairly).

Step 6: Come After Our Tax-Exemption.

Although the origins of tax-exemption for religious organizations are murky, it appears to be a recognition by the government that they needed to take their hands off the Church: and implicitly, a recognition that the State wasn't greater than God or the Church. That's a recognition that many people refuse to make now. As a result, tax exemption has become a tool for easy extortion: get in line, or it's gonna cost you, Christians!

The ACLU is already doing this: suing the Catholic Church, in order to force them to either provide abortions at our hospitals, or lose our tax-exempt status. I already alluded to a similar lawsuit brought back in the 1980s trying to force us to stop talking about abortion, or lose our tax-exempt status.

Step 7: Come After Our State and Federal Funding.

If Christians won't participate in abortion, gay marriage, and gay adoption, strip them of their ability to receive state and federal funding.

First, present such funding as if it is a gift from the government to Christian organizations, rather than what it really is (a collaboration between the two for a common goal, like poverty reduction, or adoption, or care of migrants, etc.). Then insist that any organizations receiving even a cent of federal funding actively advance principles that they find anathema: order adoption agencies to give kids to gay couples, order Catholic charitable agencies to provide abortions, etc. If you're lucky, you might even coerce some of them to abandon their Christians principles. More likely, you'll just push them out of the pool of organizations that the government can work with.

The downside to this, of course, is that religious groups typically get these contracts because they're the most efficient. By removing them from the pool of candidates, you're removing the cream from the crop, and resigning your social services to suboptimal standards. So some immigrants, orphans, and battered and sex-trafficked women might suffer. But I suppose that's a small price to pay to push religious organizations out of the public square.

Step 8: Come After Christian Social Programs.

Louis Gallait, Monk Feeding the Poor (1845)
Steps 5 and 6 do a good job of knee-capping religious organizations financially, and hindering their missions. But if you feel particularly ambitious, you can go even further, as the District of Columbia recently did. It ordered all adoption agencies to place kids with gay couples. It didn't matter if you took a dime of governmental funding or not. Anyone who insists on placing foster kids with a mother and a father is legally barred from working in D.C. The result was as intended: Catholic Charities had to close its adoption agency.

This gives you an opportunity to make religious groups look bad: surely, if they really cared about the poor, or kids, or whoever is the served population, they would have abandoned those pesky religious principles, and given in to the government's demands. If you do this often enough, legally barring churches from serving others, you can then accuse them of hypocrisy, for not practicing what they preach (because you've made it illegal to practice in a way consistent with the preaching).

Step 9: Close Employment off to Professing Christians.

To go a step yet further, force individual believers to act contrary to their beliefs, or lose their jobs. When they complain, glibly suggest that they shouldn't have been in that line of business in the first place.

Those who support Robertson's firing from Duck Dynasty should be asked: if a person holding (and vocalizing) his views on homosexuality shouldn't be employed in entertainment, are there any sectors in which he should be allowed to be employed? Or should such people be barred from all employment?

That's where this road leads. Don't want to have to work for gay weddings? Shouldn't be in the wedding industry. Don't want to assist in abortions? Shouldn't work in an emergeceny room. Don't want to distribute contraception or abortificants? Shouldn't be a pharmacist (or work in medicine at all). Don't want to pay for insurance coverage for your employees' contraception and abortificants? Shouldn't own a business. Don't want to give Planned Parenthood access to indoctrinate the kids you're teaching? Shouldn't be a teacher. You get the point: one profession after another is closed off. At the end of this, maybe we'll be allowed to make furniture along with the Amish. But other than that, we'll be barred from nearly everything.

Step 10: Remove All Vestiges of Christianity from the Public Square.

Throughout all of this, leave the private square alone. Let people say and believe (just about) whatever they want at church, and in the privacy of their own home. As long as you do this, it'll look like there's no persecution. You avoid anything messy, like martyrs.

But make sure that these religious views have no acceptable place in the public square. If believers want to participate in public - by holding political office, or a job, or just voicing an opinion publicly - demand that it be strictly secular, devoid of any religious influence at all. In this way, you can ensure that ordinary people are rarely exposed to religious views (and when they are, these views seem irrelevant, because they're not allowed to influence the public square), and that the culture actively cultivates something contrary to Christianity.

Conclusion

The whole point of persecuting Christianity is to render it irrelevant. And that, it would seem, can be accomplished more effectively using bloodless means. We need look no further than the Muslim domination of southern Spain, beginning in 709. When the Islamic invaders first conquered southern Spain, they spread their faith by the sword, and were relatively unsuccessful. When they did meet success, it was through a less violent means of coercion, and over several years (even generations). They imposed a system of dhimmitude, in which Catholics could practice their faith if they paid a tax and were subject to a wide series of restrictions. 

On paper, there was no persecution: just a series of restrictions that isolated Catholics from public office and much of secular society. Over time, the populace simply grew cold towards Christianity, and tens of thousands of Catholics abandoned the faith. It was simply easier to abandon the faith. That example still seems to me to be more extreme than what we're currently seeing in our country, but it remains instructive. It shows that it's altogether possible to push Christianity into the fringes of society without any sort of violent oppression of the religion. 

In the case of Muslim Spaniards, this was more or less an overt thing. In the case of American secularists, it's often less overt. Indeed, I have no doubt that many of the people engaged in pushing Christianity to the margins would deny that they are doing any such thing. Equally, I have no doubt that some of them really do have this as an endgoal. But can we at least have an honest conversation, and admit that this is what it is going on, and what will continue to go on unless Christians do more to resist it?

Day 3: O Radix Jesse (O Root of Jesse)

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Tonight's O Antiphon is “O Radix Jesse,” which means “O Root (or Shoot, or Flower) of Jesse.”  In other words, the Messiah will come from Jesse's lineage.  We hear this title for the Messiah in Isaiah 11:10: “In that day the Root of Jesse will stand as a banner for the peoples; the nations will rally to him, and his place of rest will be glorious.”  St. Paul applies this verse to Jesus in Romans 15:12.

But Isaiah 11:10 isn't the only place we see a reference to the Root of Jesse.  A few verses prior, we also see reference to it in Isaiah 11:1-5, the same passage that points to the Messiah as Sapientia (Wisdom) and Adonai (Lord).  I personally prefer the Douay-Rheims translation of Isaiah 11:1, which reads, “And there shall come forth a rod out of the root of Jesse, and a flower shall rise up out of his root.

So the Messiah will be both the Flower of David (or Branch of David) and the Root of David.  But how can this be?  Jesus points out this paradox Himself, when He spoke about the Messiah's relationship to David in Mark 12:35-37,
Christ the True Vine, Greek Icon (16th c.)
While Jesus was teaching in the temple courts, he asked, “Why do the teachers of the law say that the Messiah is the son of David? David himself, speaking by the Holy Spirit, declared:“‘The Lord said to my Lord: “Sit at my right hand until I put your enemies under your feet.”’ David himself calls him ‘Lord.’ How then can he be his son?” The large crowd listened to him with delight.
And in Revelation 22:16, we hear:
“I, Jesus, have sent my angel to give you this testimony for the churches. I am the Root and the Offspring of David, and the bright Morning Star.”
The answer, of course, is found in the Incarnation.  St. Luke lays the answer out in the genealogy of Jesus (Lk. 3:23-38), tracing Jesus' lineage back through Jesse (Lk. 3:31), all the way to Adam, who he describes as the son of God” (Lk. 3:38).  In other words, Jesus is the Creator of Jesse, and of all mankind (John 1:3).  In that sense, He's the Root of Jesse, and the Root of David, and in a certain sense, their Ancestor.  But He's also their Descendant through the Incarnation.  He chooses to be born of Mary, who is married to St. Joseph, of the lineage of Jesse and David (see Lk. 3:31 and Mt. 1:5-6).  This detail is so important to the understanding of Who Christ Is that it's the first thing St. Matthew tells us in his Gospel.  The first lines we read are: “A record of the genealogy of Jesus Christ the son of David, the son of Abraham” (Mt. 1:1).

There's an incredibly beautiful 16th century hymn about this prophesy, Es ist ein Ros entsprungen, which means literally, “A Rose has sprung up.”  Protestants purged the parts about Mary, leaving us with a still beautiful hymn, Lo, How a Rose E'er blooming.  You can listen to the traditional version here, or Sufjan Stephen's rendition here.  And you can find the lyrics to both versions here.

The traditional Latin Antiphon is:
O Radix Jesse, qui stas in signum populorum,super quem continebunt reges os suum,quem gentes deprecabuntur:veni ad liberandum nos, jam noli tardare.
Which means, in English:
O Root of Jesse, which standest for an Ensign of the people,
At Whom the kings shall shut their mouths,
Whom the Gentiles shall seek,
Come to deliver us, do not tarry.
It corresponds to the fourth verse from O Come, O Come Emmanuel:
O Come, Thou Rod of Jesse's stem,
from ev'ry foe deliver them
that trust Thy mighty power to save,
and give them vict'ry o'er the grave.
And the English version used in the Antiphon today:
O Flower of Jesse’s stem,you have been raised up as a sign for all peoples;
kings stand silent in your presence;
the nations bow down in worship before you.
Come, let nothing keep you from coming to our aid.
And finally, here are the Dominican student brothers at Blackfriars in Oxford singing the Latin plainchant:




This series was initially posted in Advent 2011.

Day 2: O Adonai (O Lord)

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Tonight's O Antiphon is “O Adonai,” which means “O Lord,” and is one of the Divine titles used in the Old Testament.  Because the name YHWH was considered too sacred to even speak, pious Jews would often replace the Name with Adonai, meaning Lord, instead.  In Isaiah 33:22, the prophet Isaiah says:
For the Lord is our judge,
the Lord is our lawgiver,
the Lord is our king: he will save us.
He uses the word YHWH there, but it would have been spoken as Adonai.  Bear that in mind when reading Isaiah 11:1-5, and its promise of the coming Messiah.  Again, I've bolded the relevant part for today's Antiphon:
Then a shoot will spring from the stem of Jesse,
And a branch from his roots will bear fruit.
The Spirit of the LORD will rest on Him,
The spirit of wisdom and understanding,
The spirit of counsel and strength,
The spirit of knowledge and the fear of the LORD.
And He will delight in the fear of the LORD,
And He will not judge by what His eyes see,
Nor make a decision by what His ears hear;
But with righteousness He will judge the poor,
And decide with fairness for the afflicted of the earth;
And He will strike the earth with the rod of His mouth,
And with the breath of His lips He will slay the wicked.
Also righteousness will be the belt about His loins,
And faithfulness the belt about His waist.
In other words, Isaiah is promising that the coming Messiah will do the things that Adonai does, serving as Judge (John 9:39), King (Luke 23:3) and Lawgiver (Matthew 5:21-48).  Jesus fulfills each of these (as the Scriptures I just cited to show), as we'll see more clearly at the Final Judgment (Revelation 19:15-16).

All of this points to something even more radical: the coming Messiah would be the Lord, Adonai, God Himself.  The New Testament shows us clearly  how this was fulfilled (Philippians 2:5-11):
Have this attitude in yourselves which was also in Christ Jesus, who, although He existed in the form of God, did not regard equality with God a thing to be grasped, but emptied Himself, taking the form of a bond-servant, and being made in the likeness of men.  
Being found in appearance as a man, He humbled Himself by becoming obedient to the point of death, even death on a cross. For this reason also, God highly exalted Him, and bestowed on Him the name which is above every name, so that at the name of Jesus every knee will bow, of those who are in heaven and on earth and under the earth, and that every tongue will confess that Jesus Christ is Lord, to the glory of God the Father.
St. Paul is referencing another part of Isaiah (Isaiah 45:22-23), in which God Himself says:
Turn to Me and be saved, all the ends of the earth;
For I am God, and there is no other.
I have sworn by Myself,
The word has gone forth from My mouth in righteousness
And will not turn back,
That to Me every knee will bow,
every tongue will swear allegiance.
By applying this passage to Jesus, St. Paul is making it pretty clear that Jesus Christ is not from God, but IS God.   He IS Adonai, YHWH.

The traditional Latin Antiphon is:
O Adonai, et dux domus Israel,
qui Moyse in igne flammae rubi apparuisti,
et ei in Sina legem dedisti:
veni ad redimendum nos in brachio extento.
Which means, in English:
O Adonai, and ruler of the House of Israel, Who didst appear unto Moses in the burning bush, and gavest him the law in Sinai, Come to redeem us with an outstretched arm!
It corresponds to the third verse from O Come, O Come Emmanuel:
O Come, O Come, Thou Lord of might,
Who to thy tribes on Sinai's height
in ancient times didst give the law,
in cloud, and majesty, and awe.
And the English version used in the Antiphon today:
O Sacred Lord of ancient Israel,
Who showed yourself to Moses in the burning bush,
Who gave him the holy law on Sinai mountain:
Come, stretch out your mighty hand to set us free.

And finally, here are the Dominican student brothers at Blackfriars in Oxford singing the Latin plainchant:



This series was initially posted in Advent 2011.